Table of Contents

1. The problem, in numbers
2. Measure your own server
3. How it works under the hood
4. PostgreSQL configuration
5. Aside: a pooler may be enough
6. Conclusion
7. Notes

1. The problem, in numbers

The calculation is simple. Linux uses 4 KB pages by default, and the kernel needs one 8-byte entry to describe every page a process has touched:

shared_buffers / 4 KB * 8 bytes = page table, per backend

With 32 GB of shared_buffers, that comes to about 8.4 million entries, or 64 MB per backend. Nothing is shared — page tables are per-process, so the total can grow linearly with your connection count.¹

This gives the upper limit — the cost if every backend has read all of shared_buffers:

With 2 MB huge pages, the same 32 GB needs only 16,384 entries. That is roughly 128 KB per backend, or 512x less.

ℹ️ A real case from production. With shared_buffers = 32GB and 600 postgres processes, total page-table memory reached ~18 GB, or about 31 MB per process. This is half the upper limit because no backend had touched all of shared_buffers. With 2 MB pages, the same setup needed only 75 MB total.

CPU usage also dropped by roughly 4 - 10%. Note what this number does not include. The freed memory was not used by anything. There was no OS page cache either, because that server stored its data on ZFS and caching happened in the ARC. It simply remained unused. Several gigabytes of RAM came back, and using them for a larger shared_buffers or more room for the ZFS ARC should increase the gain even further. The 4 - 10% is what you get before that.

2. Measure your own server

Before you change anything, find out what it is actually costing you:

# 1. Page-table memory across the whole system
grep '^PageTables' /proc/meminfo

PageTables:     19215332 kB

# 2. Just PostgreSQL — total, and the average per process
awk '/VmPTE/ {t += $2; n++} END {if (n) printf "processes: %d\ntotal:     %.1f MB\nper proc:  %.1f MB\n", n, t/1024, t/n/1024}' \
    $(pgrep -x postgres | sed 's|.*|/proc/&/status|')

processes: 602
total:     18662.0 MB
per proc:  31.0 MB

This is a real server: 18.2 GB of RAM used for page tables across 602 postgres processes, or 31 MB per process.

PageTables in /proc/meminfo shows the system-wide figure, while VmPTE in /proc/<pid>/status shows it per process. On a database host, the two should be almost the same, and here they are: 18.3 GB system-wide versus 18.2 GB from PostgreSQL alone. That leaves about 100 MB for everything else on the server. If your numbers differ by much more than that, something other than PostgreSQL is using the memory, and you should find it first.

Then decide:

• A few hundred MB: huge pages are not your problem. Spend your effort elsewhere.
• Several GB: you are paying a permanent memory tax to describe memory you already own, so a migration is worth the work. That RAM returns to the page cache and the rest of the system, which helps regardless of your workload. An I/O-bound server may be I/O-bound precisely because those gigabytes went into page tables instead of caching data.

3. How it works under the hood

The mechanics of virtual addressing, the TLB, why a fault can happen when memory is already resident, and what a 2 MB page changes are covered in a separate interactive explainer:

→ Why PostgreSQL spends gigabytes on page tables

It walks through the address translation path, the page table problem for each process, and the first-touch fault step by step. It also includes an explorer where you can enter your own shared_buffers value and backend count.

The short version, if you only want the conclusions:

• Every memory access needs a virtual-to-physical translation. The CPU caches recent translations in the TLB, with roughly 2,000 entries. Every miss requires a four-level walk through the page table in RAM. The amount of memory those entries cover changes:
  • With 4 KB pages: 2000 * 4 KB = 8 MB. A 32 GB shared_buffers pool exceeds that constantly, so misses are the normal case.
  • With 2 MB pages: 2000 * 2 MB = 4 GB. This still does not cover the full pool, and misses do not disappear, but they happen much less often than with 4 KB pages.
• Every connection gets its own backend, and every backend is a separate OS process, not a thread. Each backend carries a private page table. Backend B faults on a page that backend A has already touched, because B’s own table has no entry for it. In practice, warm-up is not shared.
• The faults are minor. There is no disk I/O, only a brief switch into the kernel to fill in the missing entry. That is why the cost is so easy to miss: there is no I/O wait to point at and no slow query to blame.

This is also where the 4 - 10% CPU from the case above came from: address translation alone. The TLB started covering a useful share of the working set instead of missing constantly.

The worst case: an empty shared_buffers

The effect is strongest while shared_buffers is still empty and being filled, because every access is a first touch. A Linux 7.0 change made this clear in 2026: on a server with a very large shared_buffers and huge pages disabled, first-touch faults on the empty pool were enough to make PostgreSQL about two times slower. Huge pages cut the faults by 512x, and the regression disappeared.

4. PostgreSQL configuration

huge_pages

The huge_pages setting takes three values:

on fails loudly at startup if the required reservation is missing. try always starts, but it can silently fall back to 4 KB pages. If you use try, monitor separately that huge pages are actually in use.²

Since PostgreSQL 17, that check takes one line. huge_pages_status reports what the server actually got, not what it asked for:

SHOW huge_pages_status;   -- on | off | unknown

Alert on any value other than on.³ On older versions, /proc/meminfo gives you most of the answer from the OS side. It shows whether the pool is in use, but not which process is using it:

grep -E 'HugePages_Total|HugePages_Free|HugePages_Rsvd|Hugetlb' /proc/meminfo

HugePages_Total:   17000        # pool reserved: 17000 * 2 MB = 33.2 GB
HugePages_Free:      232        # 99% taken → PostgreSQL got them ✓
HugePages_Rsvd:       40        # mapped, not yet touched (subset of Free)
Hugetlb:        34816000 kB     # 33.2 GB locked away from the rest of the OS

There are two ways this can go wrong. If Total is 0, you never reserved a pool. If Total is large but Free matches Total and Rsvd is 0, the pool exists but PostgreSQL did not use it.

Sizing the reservation

PostgreSQL documents the full procedure, but the short version is this: since PostgreSQL 15, the server tells you exactly how many huge pages it needs, so there is no need to estimate them from shared_buffers. There are two ways to read this:

On a running server:

SHOW shared_memory_size_in_huge_pages;   -- e.g. 16808

On a stopped one:

postgres -D /var/lib/postgresql/data -C shared_memory_size_in_huge_pages

This parameter is calculated at startup, so postgres -C can read it only when the server is shut down. Against a running instance, it fails because of the postmaster.pid lock instead of printing a value.

Both commands read the number from the same real server. To see how each setting changes it, you can use a calculator:

→ How many huge pages does PostgreSQL need? The sizing calculator

ℹ️ About the calculator. It uses the same formulas as the PostgreSQL source code. Compared with postgres -C on real PostgreSQL 17 and 18 servers, the difference is up to 0.33%.

Setting up huge pages in Linux

Take the number above, add 1 - 2%, then round up to a number you can read at a glance. The pool is managed through vm.nr_hugepages, and the important setting is the one applied at boot, when memory is least fragmented:

echo 'vm.nr_hugepages = 17000' >> /etc/sysctl.conf

sysctl -w applies the same value immediately and is useful for testing on a live machine, but it is not reliable. On a fragmented system, the kernel can provide fewer pages than requested without reporting an error. Always check what you actually received:

sysctl -w vm.nr_hugepages=17000
grep HugePages_Total /proc/meminfo    # must equal 17000 — anything lower is a partial allocation

If it returns fewer pages than requested, memory is already too fragmented to satisfy the request at runtime. Before you reboot, give the kernel a better chance: stop PostgreSQL, drop the page cache, compact memory, then try again. With the largest consumer gone and the cache released, the request often succeeds:

systemctl stop postgresql
sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
sysctl -w vm.nr_hugepages=17000
grep HugePages_Total /proc/meminfo    # check again

Still short — reboot the machine, and the value you wrote to /etc/sysctl.conf above will be applied early in boot, while memory is still largely unfragmented.

⚠️ On a multi-socket server, check that vm.zone_reclaim_mode is 0. When set to 1, the kernel discards local page cache instead of using free memory from a neighbouring node. That costs a database far more than the remote access it avoids. 0 has been the kernel default since Linux 3.16, so this only matters for inherited machines and tuning profiles, not as a setting you would normally change.

Transparent Huge Pages

THP is a different mechanism and does not replace an explicit reservation. It works on a best-effort basis, so the kernel gives you huge pages when it can and may take them back later. The usual advice is to disable it. These are sysfs settings, not sysctls, so /etc/sysctl.conf will not persist them:

cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled   # current value is the one in brackets
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled

To make it permanent, add transparent_hugepage=never to the kernel command line.

ℹ️ About this advice. “Turn off THP” has been repeated in article after article for over a decade. Now it appears in this one too. I have not tested it on a modern kernel. I think it matters much less today than it did ten years ago. I hope someone tests how THP and PostgreSQL behave on modern kernels.

5. Aside: a pooler may be enough

ℹ️ Notes

• Everything below assumes a pooler in transaction mode.
• An aside, not part of the rollout above. Page table memory grows for two reasons: the number of backends you run and the size of the pages. Huge pages address the second. A pooler addresses the first, with no reboot, kernel tuning, or reserved memory. Neither replaces the other. A pooler cannot make a page table smaller, and huge pages cannot stop your application from opening 600 connections.

pool_size caps the number of backends. 500 clients through a pool of 30 create 30 backends, not 500. With 32 GB of shared_buffers, that is roughly 1.9 GB of page tables instead of 31 GB. Growth depends on the pool size, not on how many connections your application opens.

Backends stay hot. Server connections are reused much more often, so each backend’s working set stays warm and its translations remain resident. A server connection lives separately from the client connection that used it, so an application that constantly opens and closes connections does not pay for a new first touch every time. The same helps after a database restart: if the pool uses the most recently used connection first, only a few backends need to warm up.

Recycling removes bloated backends. Poolers can close server connections after a set lifetime, and the backend with its large page table disappears with the connection. This works regardless of application behaviour, which matters for legacy clients that never close connections.⁴

A pooler reduces the scale of the problem, while huge pages reduce the cost per unit. They solve separate parts of the problem. Together, 30 backends at 128 KB each is not a number worth thinking about.

See also: Effective PgBouncer monitoring using Odarix and AWS RDS Proxy for PostgreSQL.

6. Conclusion

Huge pages are a narrow optimisation with a clear mechanism. They do not make PostgreSQL faster in general. They remove address-translation overhead, and only for shared memory⁵ — fewer TLB misses on the same working set. And last but not least, they free the RAM those page tables were using. Whether this is worth doing is not a judgement call. Measure how much your current workload spends on page tables, then decide whether that number is large enough to care about.

Rollout checklist

1. Measure — grep '^PageTables' /proc/meminfo. Happy with the number? Stop here.
2. Disable transparent huge pages.
3. Get the requirement — SHOW shared_memory_size_in_huge_pages; on the running server.
4. Reserve it at boot in /etc/sysctl.conf, plus a margin.
5. Multi-socket box — check vm.zone_reclaim_mode = 0.
6. Choose huge_pages = on, or try with an alert.
7. Restart if needed. Confirm HugePages_Free dropped and huge_pages_status reads on.
8. Re-measure, compare with step 1.

Notes